Energy efficiency of buildings: Substantial energy savings can be achieved through the retrofitting of existing buildings for energy efficiency as well as setting energy efficiency standards for new buildings. This is required at all levels in each municipality; (a) public
buildings, (b) commercial/industrial buildings and (c) residences. In each case, the approach may be different and comprise multiple elements from encouraging adoption to legally requiring compliance along with financial incentives where appropriate. For each group, knowledge of how and where energy efficiency can be financially beneficial is needed along with information on what is available locally at a relative cost. Not only should this include appropriate insulation standards but also smart buildings and smart appliances/equipment.